Imperio vargas biography samples
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
16th-century Spanish invasion of Mesoamerica
| Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire | |
|---|---|
| Part of the Spanish colonization of the Americas and Mexican Indian Wars | |
Conquest of Mexico by Cortés, oil on canvas Spanish: Conquista de México por Cortés | |
| Belligerents | |
Habsburg Spain Indigenous allies: Support or occasional allies: | Aztec Triple Alliance(1519–1521) Allied city-states: Independent kingdoms and city-states: Governorate of Cuba (1520, see) |
| Commanders and leaders | |
Spanish commanders: Indigenous allies: | Aztec commanders:
|
| Strength | |
Spaniards (total): ~80,000–200,000 Tlaxcaltecs~10,000 Totonac (~8,400 followed Cortés from Cempoala) and high number of other indigenous allies |
|
| Casualties and losses | |
1,800 Spaniards dead Tens of thousands of Tlaxcaltecs and indigenous allies dead | 200,000 Aztecs dead (including civilians) Unknown casualties of other natives 15 Spaniards dead, many wounded at the Battle of Cempoala (1520) |
| 10,500,000 deaths as a result of the conquest (87.5% of the population of the modern day territory of Mexico) | |
| ^ b. Primarily military support against Tenochtitlan and joined the siege (1521). | |
The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire was a pivotal event in the history of the Americas, marked by the collision of the Aztec Triple Alliance and the Spanish Empire. Taking place between 1519 and 1521, this event saw the Spanish conquistadorHernán Cortés, and his small army of European soldiers and numerous indigenous allies, overthrowing one of the most powerful empires in Mesoamerica.
Led by the Aztec ruler Moctezuma II, the Aztec Empire had established dominance over central Mexico through military conquest and intricate alliances. Because the Aztec Empire ruled via he
Culture Wars in Brazil: The First Vargas Regime, 1930–1945 0822327082, 9780822327080
Table of contents :
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Abbreviations
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction: The Brazilian Republic, Getúlio Vargas, and Metaphors of War
The Vargas Era and Culture Wars
Cultural Management before 1930
Cultural Management, 1930–1945
"The Identity Documents of the Brazilian Nation"
Museums and Memory
Expositions and "Export Quality" Culture
Conclusion: Who Won? National Culture Under Vargas
Biographical Appendix
Notes
Bibliography
Index
Citation preview
Culture Wars in Brazil Editor’s Note: Part 1 of 10 Good Reads can be found here. Witold Gombrowicz, Bacacay (transl. Bill Johnston. Archipelago, 2006) I am a very late comer to Gombrowicz – through a casual remark by Tokarczuk in an interview to FAZ, saying that in her view he merited a Nobel. He did not – his writing is too self-referential, bordering on narcissism. But a great writer, nonetheless, he is. I read everything translated into English in one gulp. His most celebrated book, Ferdydurke, defeated me and I gave up midway. I am told that his innovative use of language makes the translation from Polish to English impossible. I wonder. Be that as it may, the other books and plays, notably, but not only Transatlantyk, are wonderful, ironic, bordering on the satiric, exquisite examples of modernity at its best. If you want a cutting, at times moving, inadvertently tender, study of ‘otherness’ you will not find better. Bacacay (after the name of a street in Argentina where he found himself ‘exiled’) is a collection of short stories – of his early career as a writer. When I consider his age when he wrote many of these, his natural talent, notably his sensibility and sensitiveness to the most delicate of emotions, usually dark, is no less than astonishing. There is a Chekhov-like quality to them in that there is never catharsis, but his style is all his own. If you are a literary type, I think you ‘owe yourself’ to read some Gombrowicz. A very special kind of read. William Phelan, Great Judgments of the European Court of Justice: Rethinking the Landmark Decisions of the Foundational Period (Cambridge University Press, 2019) ‘Give me a break’ was my thought when this book landed on my desk. Costa, Van Gend, Simmenthal et.al. ‘Been there, done that!!’ But if you are like me, you know the cases, you know what you are going to say about them when you teach them, and you parrot it out like an actor in the 127th performance of Dea .
Daryle Williams
CULTURE The First
WARS
Vargas Regime, 1930–1945
IN BRAZIL Duke University Press Durham & London 2001
© 2001 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Designed by C. H. Westmoreland Typeset in Dante by Tseng Information Systems, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data appear on the last printed page of this book.
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Contents
list of figures list of tables
ix xi
list of abbreviations preface
xiii
xvii
acknowledgments
xxi
Introduction the brazilian republic, getúlio vargas, and metaphors of war 1
1 The Vargas Era and Culture Wars
13
2 Cultural Management before 1930
26
3 Cultural Management, 1930–1945
52
4 ‘‘The Identity Documents of the Brazilian Nation’’
the national historical and artistic patrimony
5 Museums and Memory
135
6 Expositions and ‘‘Export Quality’’ Culture
192
Conclusion who won? national culture under vargas 252 biographical appendix notes
275
bibliography index
335
311
263
90
Figures
1. Brazil, 1938 2 2. Third Congresso de Brasilidade, Rio de Janeiro, 1943 8 3. Youth Parade, Dia da Raça, Rio de Janeiro, 3 September 1944 9 4. Jean-Baptiste Debret, Acclamation of D. João VI 29 5. Francisco Chaves Pinheiro, Statue of Dom Pedro II 32 6. Vitor Meireles, Batalha Naval do Riachuelo 10 Good Reads – Part 2